Published Models
A list of published models and frameworks linking health literacy to health outcomes.
Mediational Analysis

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Causal models and frameworks help us understand how health literacy barriers translate to poor health outcomes.

Causal pathways linking health literacy to health outcomes

This is an evidence-based causal pathway model to explain well-established associations between limited health literacy and health outcomes.

Health literacy casual pathways diagram

Paasche-Orlow, MK, Wolf, MS. The Causal Pathways Linking Health Literacy to Health Outcomes. American Journal of Health Behavior 2007; 31(1): s19-s26. BMC public health, 12(1), 1.

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A framework for studying adolescent health literacy

This paper provides a justification of studying health literacy in adolescents and provides a framework and suggestions for future research.

Adolescent Health Literacy

Manganello, JA. Health literacy and adolescents: a framework and agenda for future research. Health Educ Res 2008; 23(5):840-7.

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Medical and public health views of health literacy

This model integrates medical and public health view of health literacy

Health literacy health views

Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC public health, 12(1), 1.

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Other important health literacy conceptual models
  • Baker, D. W. (2006). The meaning and the measure of health literacy. Journal of General Internal Medicine,21(8), 878-883.
  • Lee, S. D., Arozullah, A. M., & Cho, Y. I. (2004). Health literacy, social support, and health: a research agenda. Social Science & Medicine,58(7), 1309-1321.
  • Mancuso, J. M. (2008). Health literacy: A concept/dimensional analysis. Nursing & Health Sciences,10(3), 248-255
  • Nutbeam, D. (2000). Health Literacy As A Public Health Goal: A Challenge For Contemporary Health Education And Communication Strategies Into The 21St Century. Health Promotion International 15.3: 259-267.
  • Speros, C. (2005). Health literacy: concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing,50(6), 633-640.
  • Sørensen, K., Broucke, S. V., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models. BMC Public Health,12(1).
  • Wagner, C. V., Steptoe, A., Wolf, M. S., & Wardle, J. (2009). Health Literacy and Health Actions: A Review and a Framework From Health Psychology. Health Education & Behavior,36(5), 860-877.
  • Yuen, E. Y., Knight, T., Dodson, S., Ricciardelli, L., Burney, S., & Livingston, P. M. (2014). Development of the Health Literacy of Caregivers Scale - Cancer (HLCS-C): item generation and content validity testing. BMC Family Practice,15(1).
  • Zarcadoolas, C. (2005). Understanding health literacy: an expanded model. Health Promotion International,20(2), 195-203.